Common lower urinary tract fistulas: A review of clinical presentations, causes and radiographic imaging

Common lower urinary tract fistulas can present as uroenteric fistulas, urogenital fistulas and urocutaneous fistulas. They usually occur as sequel after pelvic surgery, obstetric complications following childbirth and gynecologic procedures. In patients with underlying neoplasm, fistulas may occur from primary or recurrent tumors and as a consequence of pelvic irradiation. Infectious process, trauma and congenital abnormalities can also cause lower urinary tract fistulas. Clinical presentation depends on the location and type of fistula. Radiographic imaging can give diagnosis and demonstrate associated complications of fistulas. Being familiar with clinical signs and symptoms as well as choosing the appropriate imaging modality and technique are important. This article reviews common types of lower urinary tract fistulas correlated with their cause, clinical presentation and imaging modalities for diagnosis.